High Quality Universal Pre K Can Reduce Achievement Gaps...

Policy Brief Outline Professor Tim Gaffaney PolS 301 Erin Brannan High-Quality Universal Pre-K can reduce achievement gaps for minority and low-income children To: Barbara Boxer From: Erin Brannan Date: May 1, 2016 Re: High-Quality Universal Pre-K can reduce achievement gaps for minority and low-income children Statement of Issue: Many minority children and children from low-income families enter kindergarten without the academic skills they need to succeed. Math and reading abilities at kindergarten entry are powerful predictors of later school success. Research shows kids who start school already behind are unlikely to ever get caught up to standards. Hispanic and African American children are anywhere from 7 to 12 months behind in reading and 9 to 10 months behind on math when they enter kindergarten. Access remains extremely low to high-quality early education do to a couple of problems. First, rates of access to early education vary widely as a function of children’s socioeconomic backgrounds. Secondly, the quality of most early education programs is not high enough to substantially improve academic readiness. Considering the tremendous potential for high-quality preschool to improve children’s outcomes, this policy brief will consider how a universal publicly fund ed pre-kindergarten program in the United States could decrease both disparities in access to early learning and achievement gaps at kindergarten entry. †¢ It is estimated that a high-quality UPKShow MoreRelatedPre K For All By Mayor De Blasio Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesPre-K for All was initiated by Mayor de Blasio of New York City which started in January of 2014. During the NYC Mayoral election race of 2013, Bill de Blasio campaigned on a platform of closing the divides of racial and economic inequality. His foremost initiative was to expand access to free, full day, Pre-K to all 4-year-old New York City children under New York’s Universal Pre-K program. His goal was to increase the number of free full day program seats from the 19,287, in 2013-2014, to 53Read MoreEducational Leaders And Public Policymakers4023 Words   |  17 Pageseducation matters. Studies like the High Scope/Perry, Abecedarian and Chicago Child- Parent Centers indicate that children who attended preschool were comparatively ahead in early reading and math skills (Barnett M. N., 2013). Similar studies have also revealed that depending up on various factors; such as preschool quality, social class and race, educational boost can continue through K-12 and well into adulthood. 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The environment HistoricallyRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesthe Department Web site at http://www.cde.ca.gov/ re/pn or call the CDE Press Sales Office at 1-800-995-4099. An illustrated Educational Resource Catalog describing publications, videos, and other instructional media available from the Department can be obtained without charge by writing to the CDE Press Sales Office, California Department of Education, 1430 N Street, Suite 3207, Sacramento, CA 95814-5901; faxing to 916-323-0823; or calling the CDE Press Sales Office at the telephone number Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesSummary 15 Modelling approaches – 2 15.1 Learning objectives 15.2 Introduction 15.3 Allowing for risk and uncertainty 15.4 Matrix models 15.5 The marketing performance assessment model 15.6 Some other approaches to modelling 15.7 Summary Stage Five: How can we ensure arrival? Strategic implementation and control 16 Problems to overcome 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 Learning objectives Introduction Pressures Problems in the marketing subsystem Problems of marketing feedback Information adequacyRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesto read as: â€Å"Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Hence it can be surmised that marketing is basically meeting unmet needs for target markets, identifying those unmet needs and planning how to meet them through products, services, and ideas. Communicating the value to them along with pricing which is affordableRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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The Sociology Of Health And Illness - 1292 Words

Light Hughes (2000) explains that Medical sociology or the sociology of health and illness is majorly based on the empiricist philosophy which uses the measurement of objectives for quantitative change. Lupton (2012) traces that early in its development, medical sociology inherited rationalist approach for its acceptance as semi-scientific methodology and by virtue of which is considered as a component of social medicine rather than critical sociology and the consequent development in medical sociology and the sociology of health and illness the biological, human anatomy conception of the body has remained unchallenged. A single unified sociological†¦show more content†¦However, in more recent time s a third position has developed which attempts to breakdown this duality between the relative importances attached to social actors versus social structures. These three dominant theoretical perspectives in the history of the sociology of health and illness are as follows: functionalism, the political economy approach and social constructionism. Also, their exceptions are currently in accordance with sociological health and illness because functionalism and the political economy approach after 1970s have been on a lower note, quite less into consideration. Social structural approaches to exploring social reality include those empiricist sociologists who believe that an objective science of society is possible in much the same way as a physical science such as biology or physics. This empirical sociology looks to explain the norms of social life in terms of various identifiable linear causal influences. Social structural approaches would also include those sociologists who see human society as being shaped by an underlying material social and economic structure. These are structures that may not always be visible, but nevertheless are fundamental in explaining social and individual processes. In relation to health, a predominantly social structural approach would draw upon quantitative data derived from social surveys, epidemiological

Winogradsky Column Discription free essay sample

Winogradsky column description Introduction The experiment of Winogradsky column is to observe microbiology interaction of microbes using pond mud. The aim of this paper is to describe structural and chemical features in Winogradsky column and to show the acknowledgement of microbial cells in Winogradsky column. Materials of experiment Pond mud Calcium sulfate Calcium carbonate Shredded paper Pond water Cylinder Aluminum foil Methods 1. Prepare pond mud 2. Add calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate 3. Add piece of paper 4. Add pond water 5. Seal top of the column 6. Put beside window Process (sequence of the reaction)The less of oxygen makes oxygen enrichment at the top as well as anaerobic condition at the bottom (O2 gradient). Clostridium and other anaerobic bacteria dominate under anaerobic conditions at the bottom. Cellulose from the paper into glucose and that would be a trigger for the bacteria (Clostridium) to take in the glucose and partially break it down by fermentation to gain energy and to produce ethanol and organic acids as by-products. We will write a custom essay sample on Winogradsky Column Discription or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The by-products from Clostridium feed into other bacteria nearby in the deep mud of the column. Desulfovibrio bacteria use these organic molecules as carbon sources.At the interface of sulfide –containing mud and the more aerobic pond water, bacteria grow that can oxidize sulfur. An example is the filamentous bacterium Beggiatoa. In one metabolic strategy for survival, Beggiatoa uses H2S as an energy source and oxidizes it to sulphuric acid. The energy released by this process is used to fix carbon and produce organic molecules. (Perry, et al. ,  2002) In the pond water, aerobic photosynthetic microbes abound. These microbes include cyanobacteria and algae, which harvest light energy and release O2 as a by-product.With the energy from sunlight, the microbes fix CO2 and produce organic molecules. Algae and cyanobacteria appear quickly in the upper portion of the water column, where sunlight is abundant. By producing oxygen, these organisms help to keep this zone aerobic. This watery top layer contains an interesting diversity of microbes, green algae, cyanobacteria, various aerobic bacteria, fungi and protozoa. (Delia Castro Anderson and Rosalina V. Hairston 1999) The production of oxygen gas at the top of the column helps maintain the O2 gradient.Each layer of Winogradsky column supports certain types of bacteria, which come to dominate the culture in that region. From these enriched layers, organisms can be aerobic or anaerobic techniques. (Perry, et al. ,  2002) Layers of column (Up to bottom) Water layer (green to clear) Diatoms, cyanobacteria, algae Oxygen dominated mud (light brown) Aerobic sulfide oxidizing bacteria (Beggiatoa, thiobacillus thiothrix) Rust colored zone Photoheterotrophs (Rhodospirillum, Rhodopseudomonas) Purple/reddish zone Purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatium) Green zoneGreen sulfur bacteria (Chlorobium) Sulfate reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrio) An aerobic zone Anaerobic bacteria (Chrostridium) (Delia Castro Anderson and Rosalina V. Hairston 1999) Discussion (related to the questions) In the experiment, we put calcium carbonate, calcium sulfite and shredded paper. Shredded paper contains cellulose whic h enables the bacteria (Clostridium) to break it down by fermentation to gain energy. Calcium sulfite was added to make H2S gradient. The bacteria Desulfobrio use sulfite as electron receptor. Low sulfur bacteria and high sulfur bacteria make layers.Calcium carbonate was used as carbon source by sulfur bacteria. These chemical materials eventually makes cycles of them. Typically, column contains O2, H2S, CO2, ethanol, organic acids, H2SO4 and possibly other chemical compounds that consist of carbonate, sulfite and the other in pond mud. We sealed top of column and that makes O2 gradient. Desulfovibrio gains energy using organic molecules which is made by Clostridium (anaerobic bacteria) and Desulfovibrio makes H2S, so concentration of H2S would be higher at the bottom. That means there is H2S gradient in column.The sulfides are then used by anaerobic photosynthetic populations such as green sulfur, Chlorobium, and purple sulfur, Chromatium bacteria. Evidence of this is seen as purple and green patches in areas throughout the column as these phototrophs respond to gradients of light and sulfide. In nature, purple and green sulfur bacteria may be found in any fresh or marine waters as long as there is a sufficient supply of hydrogen sulfide and the water is clear enough so that light penetrates to the anoxic (anaerobic) zone. (Delia Castro Anderson and Rosalina V.

Minority Report Essay Example

Minority Report Paper Oedipus the King, a tragedy by Sophocles, was written in the 5th Century B. C. , continues to influence today’s culture. This play is about a man who saves a place, called Thebes, where they crown him as king for his actions. On a quest to find the previous king’s murderer, Oedipus falls to his doom by his fatal flaw. Overtime, society has created numerous artworks using themes from this play. A well-known movie is Minority Report, which uses several themes from Oedipus the King. This movie is about a man named John Anderton, who runs a program called Pre-crime. Pre-crime is a facility where three precognitive see a future homicide, and have a team of detectives prevents the homicide. In Minority Report, John Anderton eventually falls as well, due to his tragic flaw. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the similar themes of blindness, prophecy, and attempting to beat fate in these two works of art. In both artworks, blindness does not only refer to physical sight but comprehension as well. In Oedipus the King, the theme of blindness reoccurs several times. The first time we experience this theme is when the Tiresias, a blind prophet, comes to help Oedipus with his quest. We will write a custom essay sample on Minority Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Minority Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Minority Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Even though Tiresias was right, Oedipus was blind to the truth. Another instance that includes blindness is Oedipus being unable to comprehend the truth. Then a final example is when Oedipus accepts the truth and stabs his eyes out. While Minority Report, uses a lot of symbolism for blindness. The first time blindness is referenced is after the opening credits. It starts with a man talking about how blind he is, then the scene switches to his sun stabbing scissors into a an eye on a magazine, and then we see a close-up of an eye. The film also shows that Anderton is blind, because he is unable to comprehend several things he is told. Like the prophecy the drug sealer form the wrong side of town told him. John Anderton is even blinded by his self-righteousness. The theme of blindness is evident in both these works, because it gives hint that the protagonist does not see how murder affects their lives. A second major theme in both works is prophecy. In these works, the protagonist receives prophecies about their futures. Oedipus gets his first prophecy prior to the play. The oracle warns him that he will kill his father and marry his mother. While he is told the second prophecy at the beginning of the play. Here, Tiresias prophesizes that he will become blind, homeless, poor, shunned and weakened with self-loathing. Then in Minority Report, John Anderton receives two prophecies as well. The first one comes from the eyeless drug dealer, saying that the future is a place where the blind live under a one eyed king. Later in the film, Agatha sees a future where John will kill a man named Leo Crowe. Eventually, all four of these prophecies come rue as they were said. This theme is evident as well; this is because prophecy affects them. It makes them do whatever is necessary to make sure it does not happen, and proves their innocence. This is an important theme because it also further develops the plot. Another common theme between these works is trying to defeat fate. Throughout the film or play, the protagonist tries their best to avoid their fate. Prior Oedipus the King, Oedipus is given a horrible fate that makes him live in fear. Trying to escape his predestined fate, where he is to kill his father and marry his mother. He runs away from home in fear of being near his parents. However, no matter what Oedipus tries the prophecy comes true. This is because he let fear rule his life, and lacked of knowledge of his real kinship. Then by ignoring Tiresias and Jocasta, he continues to dig for the truth. This leads to the second prophecy real, making his a blind beggar. While in Minority Report, John runs as well when he sees a vision of himself killing Leo Crowe. Again trying to avoid fate fails, since Leo Crowe eventually dies. This film thus proves that fate cannot be defeated. Even when John Anderton decided to arrest the victim rather then kill him, in the end Mr. Crowe still dies. It also shows that fate might not always be clear. This is because the vision of Crowe’s death is with John killing him but in reality Crowe killed himself. Then the prophecy of a one eyed ruled comes true as well. By the end of the movie John has one eye, and also important information that can ruin Pre-crime. Here he is the one eyed ruler because he has information, which no one else has. This makes society blind to the truth, therefore he rules since he knows this information. Prophecies are an important theme because they can give the protagonist a focus and complicate the plot. In the end, Oedipus the King and Minority Report have similar themes. Among the ones listed above they are a few others including hubris. Though not everything is the same, using Classical Greek literature is useful. Greek literature as a reference for a contemporary film can help develop ideas and plot. Knowledge of Greek drama can also better the experience. With this knowledge, someone can better enjoy the film because could understand more of the plot and have background information for movies. However, to much knowledge can ruin a movie experience. If someone knows a lot of Greek drama one can recognize a movie plot, and figure out will happen before getting to enjoy the movie. So, like everything else, knowing Greek drama can better an experience and ruin it at the same time. For Aristotle, this film would meet the criteria of a perfect drama. Due to the futuristic setting, the tragic hero, and complex plot of Minority Report, the movie will certainly meet the criteria of Aristotle.